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XZ: Writing original draft, Data curation, Formal Analysis

Each type of MT genes displays a distinct spatial and temporal expression pattern (Cobbett and Goldsbrough, 2011)

By anchoring classification in both mechanistic convergence and patient-specific variablesincluding ATB exposure history, diet, and microbiota compositionthis framework transforms metabolite prioritization from a static list into a dynamic tool that aligns with technological advancements and clinical realities

Though M1 and M2 represent the two extreme phenotype characteristics of macrophage activation stages regulated by redox metabolism, tissue-resident macrophages comprise a distinct subset and hold tissue-specific functions dependent on oxygen and nutrient supply, which can certainly influence redox status and metabolism (112)

However, emerging evidence suggests that exosomes possess tissue tropism in the context of mucus-rich environments, which may help to mediate tissue targeting despite mucus barriers 214