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Studies that use individual-level data and those that use aggregate data are both subject to various limitations

6 A 2019 randomised control trial found no adverse events related to either nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or ENDS but did find that NRT users were more likely to report nausea (37.9% versus 31.3% of ENDS users) while ENDS users were more likely to report mouth or throat irritation (65.3% versus 51.2% of NRT users)

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Cigars may have higher concentrations of certain cancer-causing chemicals than cigarettes