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But for the assessment of the total exposure to ETS, a period over many years is necessary, therefore the use of the urinary cotinine level is impractical 16

"But there is no way for a user to know what chemicals have been added to make those 'berry' or 'tobacco' flavors or the changes in these chemicals that may occur with heating and/or interacting with other ingredients and the device components," the researcher noted

Authors' contributions Authors MP-R, MIS-P, AM, BA and XH design the study, MP-R managed the literature searches, MIS-P, JdL and MP-R undertook the statistical analysis and MP-R wrote the first version of the manuscript

The significance of this figure has changed significantly since then

There is evidence that nicotines adverse effects on adolescent brain development could result in lasting deficits in cognitive function