The discovery of this yin-yang nature of dopamine came at a time when it was becoming clear that dopamine performs quite different roles in various areas of the brain, exemplified by its function in voluntary movement, which is affected in Parkinsons disease
PMI data also showed more than 90% reduction of aromatic amines, gases (like nitrogen oxides and hydrogen cyanide), TSNAs, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals, but lower reductions (60%80%) in other HPHCs like ammonia, catechol, mercury, acetamide and acrylamide.9 41 42 A study showed the same reduction of HPHC yields including phenols, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and TSNAs when comparing IQOS to 1R6F reference cigarette, which has similar toxicant emissions as 3R4F.70 The comprehensive chemical characterisation mentioned previously reported data on 529 constituents including alcohols, carbonyls, acids, furans, terpenes, pyridines and other chemical classes, showing moderate to high reductions (6%99%) yet sometimes high increases (13%6330%) in IQOS-R emissions compared with 3R4F.62 71 Independent data One study reported presence of a non-volatile fraction of aerosol particles.72 Another study reported observation of charring on used IQOS HeatSticks (ie, HEETS) and detection of an IQOS-specific toxicant (formaldehyde cyanohydrin).40 73 Two studies reported more than 90% reduction in PAH emissions in IQOS aerosols compared with 3R4F,57 except for acenaphthene which was higher by 196% in IQOS aerosols under ISO conditions.36 A study reported at least 80% reduction in IQOS emissions of carbonyls, VOCs, TSNAs, aromatic amines, phenol and Benzo[a]pyrene but not in N-nitrosoanabasine, ammonia gas or some carbonyls compared with 3R4F under HCI and ISO conditions.55 Unlike carbonyls, VOCs and TSNAs were lower and aromatic amines and PAHs were not present in IQOS aerosols compared with smoke from an ultralight cigarette under ISO conditions.49 Two studies reported more than 95% reduction in 1,3-butadiene, benzene and toluene in IQOS emissions compared with a range of cigarette smoke levels.53 58 A study showed 76%84% lower pyridine emissions in IQOS-R aerosols compared with 3R4F smoke.64 However, the same group reported lower reduction under ISO conditions (58%) and increases when IQOS-R was compared with 1R5F cigarette (264%).54 One study comparing emissions from JUUL (a leading e-cigarette brand) to IQOS and 3R4F showed 400% higher glycidol in IQOS aerosols than in 3R4F cigarette smoke generated under an intense puffing regime compared with HCI.74 TSNA emissions were reduced by 85%95% in IQOS-R aerosols compared with 3R4F and a similar reduction compared with 1R5F smoke.51 75 In a per-puff comparison, TSNA levels were reported to be 822 times lower in IQOS-R aerosol than in Marlboro Red cigarette smoke.50 One study reported more than 99% and 95% reductions in gas phase radical and nitrogen oxide emissions, respectively, in IQOS aerosols compared with 3R4F smoke.76 Another group reported similar reductions in gas phase radicals, in addition to the absence of particle-phase radicals.48 One study showed that reactive oxygen species emissions are 91% and 82% lower in the gas phase and particle phase of IQOS aerosols compared with Marlboro Red cigarette smoke under ISO conditions.47 IQOS secondhand emissions PMI data Two studies on the impact of IQOS use on indoor air quality reported background concentrations of constituents including suspended particles (particulate matter, PM2.5), VOCs, carbonyls, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide
The pilots of Virgin Australia flight VA328 issued a pan call after a vape activated in the cabin during descent, with smoke seen coming from the device
m/s 82-83
Smoke and soot particles embed themselves deep into fabric fibers, leading to stubborn odors and potential skin irritation
