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and Brown & Williamson with Belair in 1960

It is a common age-related wear and tear of the spinal discs

Height and weight were used to calculate the BMI of the participants by dividing the weight (in kilograms) by the square of height (in centimeters)

Smoking has very negative effects on health (photo: freepik.com) Premature birth Smoking during pregnancy poses a serious risk to newborn health, significantly increasing the likelihood of premature births and low birth weight

As well as providing local evidence, large-scale data from Australia have the potential to contribute to knowledge internationally by providing additional independent data on the effects of prolonged, heavy, and widespread smoking