cigarette smoke can affect cell differentiation during embryo development Effects of exposure on DNA methylation. Cigarette smoke Nicotine as a female reproductive
Nicotine as a female reproductive toxicantA review Bhardwaj 2025 Journal of Applied Toxicology Wiley Online Library Frontiers Cigarette smoking and DNA methylation The effect of cigarette smoke on fertilization and pre implantation development: assessment using animal models, clinical data, and stem cells Impact of E Cigarettes on Fetal and Neonatal Lung Development: The Influence of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation From sperm to offspring: Assessing the heritable genetic consequences of paternal smoking and potential public health impacts ScienceDirect
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