Amid escalating global public health crises, marked by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the rapid evolution of viral pathogens, the advent of nanotechnology has catalyzed the development and deployment of nanocopper-based materials as next-generation antimicrobial agents
Altogether, these interrelated mechanisms create a pathological environment and further progressive neuronal damage, forming the biological basis of neurodegenerative diseases
Abbreviations ATF6: Activating transcription factor 6 AD: Alzheimer's disease A: Amyloid BBB: Blood-brain barrier CHOP: C/EBP-homologous protein CAT: Catalase CNS: Central nervous system Cr: Chromium COX: Cyclooxygenase DAMP: Damage-associated molecular pattern ER: Endoplasmic reticulum GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein GRP78: Glucose-regulated protein 78 GPx: Glutathione peroxidase GH: Growth hormone Hsp70: Heat shock protein 70 HS: Heat stress HO-1: Hemeoxygenase-1 iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase IRE1: Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1 IGF-1R: Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor IFN: Interferon IL: Interleukin LPS: Lipopolysaccharide MDA: Malondialdehyde MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 NF-B: Nuclear factor-kappa B PEPK: Pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase PI3K: Phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase AKT: Protein kinase B ROS: Reactive oxygen species SOD: Superoxide dismutase TLR4: Toll-like receptor T-AOC: Total antioxidant capacity TGF: Transforming growth factor TNF: Tumor necrosis factor References Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Sandur SK, Pandey MK, Sethi G (2006) Inflammation and cancer: how hot is the link
Consider using tools to personalize your approach
The antioxidant gallic acid inhibits aflatoxin formation in Aspergillus flavus by modulating transcription factors FarB and CreA
