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Uptake and metabolism of ALCAR in brain ALCAR enters the brain rapidly in primates [113] and rodents and is metabolized in mitochondria to free carnitine and acetyl-CoA [1, 57] as shown in Figure 3

Several studies have reported that supplementing rats with both L-carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid halts age-related increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and DNA strand breaks in heart, skeletal muscle and brain, concomitant with improvement in mitochondrial enzyme and respiratory chain activities [146149]

In addition, carnitine can also activate glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and regulate glucocorticoid- responsive genes through this mechanism, playing a role in glucocorticoid regulation [81], and reducing glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy in patients with pemphigus [82]

Karnitin se klasifikuje u aminokiseline, iako je zapravo mnogo blii B vitaminima po funkciji

Statements Data availability statement The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/ Supplementary Material