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As a result, defenses against ROS are activated 14 by an array of nonenzymatic antioxidants [metabolites such as ascorbate (AsA), carotenoids, glutathione (GSH) and proline] and antioxidant enzymes [such as guaiacol peroxidases (GPOX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and AsA-GSH cycle enzymes like glutathione reductase (GR) ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR)], work together for detoxification of ROS 7,8,15,16,17,18,19,20

Cells dying by necrotic mechanisms, whether in a controlled manner or by accident, are characterized by cytoplasmic membrane damage, releasing their intracellular contents (e.g., DAMPs), which can be recognized by the immune system through signaling pathways, finally initiating a necroinflammatory process (29, 30)

[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 132.Squitti R., Siotto M., Arciello M., Rossi L

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 182:109462 Qin C, Lian H, Zhang B, He Z, Alsahli AA, Ahanger MA (2024) Synergistic influence of selenium and silicon supplementation prevents the oxidative effects of arsenic stress in wheat