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This constant exposure requires immunological mechanisms that tolerate innocuous particles that are inhaled and that immediately defend the host from microbial products or pathogens that can enter the lungs ( The complex interaction between airway epithelial cells and immune cells, together with chemokines and soluble proteins, shapes the outcome of host-pathogen interaction within the airway microenvironment ( Particles of 1 m in size or smaller, which correspond to the size of bacterial and viral particles, are transported to the alveolar surface, where they interact with soluble components (for e.g., IgG, complement and surfactant) that, by means of opsonization, help phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages ( In addition, the variety of surface receptors of alveolar macrophages allows them to sense the environment and to signal to lung stromal cells, with the aim of maintaining homeostasis or allowing the perception of changes in the inhaled environment

Our results suggest that condensin and mediator cooperate to establish the functional chromosome architecture required for faithful chromosome segregation (see Discussion)

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On the other hand, peroxidases-driven reactions are using low relative molecular mass antioxidants, GSH and Asc as electron donors, so removal of H 2 O 2 using this pathway may be a very energy-consuming reaction for cell since it utilizes important molecules from the cell environment: two GSH molecules are consumed for removal of one H 2 O 2 molecule (Kohen and Nyska, 2002)

People with primary insomnia show lower activity of a key antioxidant enzyme and higher signs of oxidative stress compared to healthy sleepers