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They are classically seen in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, where impaired glutathione production leaves red blood cells vulnerable to oxidative damage

Glu transporters are co-transported into astrocytes by Na + and Glu, and Na + is transported to the extracellular space by Na + -K + -ATPase

However, the precise mechanism by which iron overload disrupts neurotransmitter homeostasis and induces anxiety and depressive behaviors remains unclear (UZUNGIL et al., 2022)

This shift in energy metabolism is consistent with mitochondrial impairment, which forces cells to rely more heavily on glycolysis, producing lactate as a by-product

Liu X, An P, Han Y, Meng H, Zhang X