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However, during hyperactive glucose metabolism, pyruvate can be atypically metabolized into free acetate instead of acetyl-CoA [59]

Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2009;43:594-605

Wu et al., Dual-targeting nanoparticle-mediated gene therapy strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma by delivering small interfering RNA

Among these metabolites, butyrate plays a key role in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity by strengthening tight junction architecture and modulating its regulatory signaling pathways (168)

Importantly, reconstitution of CHAC1-deficient cells with either untargeted or mitochondrially-targeted CHAC1 fully reversed this protective effect (Fig