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In contrast, in macrophage-like cells, synthetic ICA derivatives (at concentrations of 10.821.6 M) elicit a distinct response: within 4 hours of exposure, they activate endosomal TLR3 and surface TLR4 (164), triggering cascades of type I interferons (e.g., IFNB1) and proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL6, IL12A/B) that amplify innate antiviral immunityunderscoring ICAs context-dependent functional plasticity

Double-blind trials confirm brighter, even tone in 8 weeks

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263 KeenoyBMMoorkensGVertommenJDe LeeuwI

Many of these associations occur within the spectrum of autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APS)