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IFN-, IL-1, and IL-6 are known as oxidative stress triggers

Freeman BA, ODonnell VB, Schopfer FJ

This might be due to the restricted quantity of BER that can be captured in the phospholipid layer of anionic liposomes besides, the hydrophilic drug is typically encapsulated with low efficiency due to the presence of a large volume of external aqueous hydration medium, So, very little content of hydrophilic drug can be entrapped within the aqueous core of the liposome [75]

Moreover, eumelanogenesis is an intracellular oxidative process.1 Serum markers of oxidative stress are elevated in patients with melasma, with a strong correlation observed between plasma glutathione peroxidase levels and severity of melasma.1,3 In recent years, oral and topical antioxidants have shown to be effective in melasma treatment

PLoS One 7 (6), e38565