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To better understand biofilm development and persistence in chronic wounds, Figure 2 illustrates the stages of the biofilm life cycle, including adhesion, microcolony formation, maturation, and dispersion, as well as host immune responses such as neutrophil recruitment, M1/M2 macrophage polarization, and cytokine signaling (e.g., interleukin-1 beta [IL-1], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-], interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-8 [IL-8], interleukin-12 [IL-12]), which collectively contribute to immune evasion and chronic infection 40 - 43

Inactivation of microbes and macromolecules by atmospheric-pressure plasma jets

These adaptive responses may help to explain why the motor features are not clinically detectable until profound depletion (70% to 80%) of SNc neurons has occurred

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Antiviral Res 98:192208