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In the 1950s, the computer scientist Claude Shannon generalized Boltzmanns formula, lifting the concept of entropy from the thermodynamic setting in which it was discovered to the more general level of probability theory, providing a precise, quantitative meaning for the term information. Langton, in Brockman, The Third Culture (1995), excerpted at Edge.org, Chapter 21: A Dynamical Pattern (1996) 412As Doyne Farmer has pointed out, our current understanding of complex systems is very much in the same state as our understanding of thermodynamics was in the mid-1800s, when people were screwing around with the basic concepts but didnt yet know which were the right quantities to measure

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When these vessels become narrower it makes your heart work much harder to pump blood throughout your body

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Tobacco enjoyed rapid success in the xvii e century