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These findings highlight a significant link between iron metabolism and susceptibility to ferroptosis

Additionally, nanotechnology facilitates the development of advanced diagnostic tools that can detect PD at earlier stages, potentially enabling timely intervention and improved patient outcomes (Yadav et al., 2025)

Key membrane proteins participating in astrocytic glutamate release are summarized in Figure 3

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mGluRs modulate cell synaptic transmission via secondary messenger systems and are of three types: group one (mainly post-synaptic, mGluR 1 and mGluR 5 ) and groups two (mGluR 2 and mGluR 3 ) and three (mGluR 4 , mGluR 6 , mGluR 7 , and mGluR 8 ) are largely presynaptic and regulate glutamate release [12]