Additional blood samples were collected at 3-, 6- and 12-months after bariatric surgery
3 Definition, pathophysiology, risk factors of DPN 3.1 Definition DPN is considered a symmetrical, length-dependent sensorimotor polyneuropathy attributable to metabolic and microvascular alterations due to chronic hyperglycemia exposure (diabetes) and cardiovascular risk covariates ( DPN progresses gradually with increasing duration of diabetes and in relation to glycemic control in both T1D and T2D ( 3.2 Pathophysiology Although the exact pathophysiology of DPN remains unknown, the role of various signaling cascades has been proposed such as advanced glycation end-product (AGE) pathway, polyol pathway, protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, hexosamine pathway and poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) pathway (29)
In addition to hormones, various small molecules such as cytokine inhibitors including TNF inhibitors (infliximab, etanercept, ardamuzumab) and IL-6 receptor antagonists (toximab), T cell activation modulators, and abbasiprol are now utilized clinically to treat RA (101)
Mitigating the risk of disease exacerbations, managing symptoms, and addressing the underlying inflammation have remained the central objectives of asthma therapy [4, 5]
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