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Similar content being viewed by others Log in or create a free account to read this content Gain free access to this article, as well as selected content from this journal and more on nature.com or Abbreviations AIF: apoptosis-inducing factor AKR: aldo-keto reductase ALDH: aldehyde dehydrogenase ALE: advanced lipid peroxidation end product AP-1: activator protein 1 ASK1: apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 Bcl2: B-cell lymphoma 2 Cdc: cell division cycle homolog CDK: cyclin-dependent kinase cyt.c: cytochrome c Daxx: death domain-associated protein DHN: 1,4-dihydroxy-2-nonene DISC: death-inducing signaling complex ER: endoplasmic reticulum FADD: Fas-associated protein with death domain FasL: Fas ligand GSH: glutathione GST: gluthatione S-transferase HNA: 4-hydroxynonenoc acid HNE: 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal HO-1: heme oxygenase 1 HSF: heat shock factor Hsp: heat shock protein hTERT: human telomerase reverse transcriptase I B: inhibitor of kappa B IKK: I B kinase JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase Keap-1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 LDL: low-density lipoprotein LMP: lysosomal membrane permeabilization LPO: lipoperoxidation MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein 1 MOMP: mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization MRP: multidrug-resistant protein NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NDD: neurodegenerative diseases NF B: nuclear factor-kappa B NQO1: NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) 1 Nrf2: Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 p53: tumor protein 53 PDGFR: platelet-derived growth factor receptor PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid Rb: retinoblastoma protein RLIP76: RalA-binding protein 16 encoded 76-kDa splice variant ROS: reactive oxygen species TGF : transforming growth factor Trx1: thioredoxin reductase 1 TNF: tumor necrosis factor TRAIL: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand UPR: unfolded protein response VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cells XIAP: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein References Schaur RJ

One mechanism could be the activation of enzymes which initiate and increase the collagen degradation process

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Meinhard, M