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(3) Inflammation and Immune Dysregulation An increasing body of evidence supports the cytokine hypothesis of depression, proposing that neuroinflammation plays a significant role in the development of MDD

Emerging evidence supports the notion that dysregulated metabolic pathways and impaired iron homeostasis play a role in the progression of liver disease via ferroptosis

In vitro and in vivo studies have evaluated the biological functions of GHR in breast cancer by silencing GHR and showed that GHR reduction leads to the inhibition of cell proliferation, the cell-cycle arrest in G1-S phase transition, tumor growth, and cell apoptosis induction of breast cancer cell lines, speculating these effects might be due to the inhibition of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway (Zhu et al., 2020)

They rarely, if ever, occur as an isolated symptom of liver dysfunction

In IBD, the PERK-C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) axis plays a key role in linking ERS to mucosal inflammation (81)