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Endurance training enhances skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration by promoting MOTS-c secretion. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

SFN is a naturally occurring is othiocyanate widely found in cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli, cabbage, and collard greens

Research in cell and animal models demonstrates its capacity to suppress NF-kB activation, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine release including IL-1b, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, and interact with melanocortin receptors on immune and intestinal epithelial cells

Second, it induces the production of heme oxygenase-1, a protective enzyme, along with heat shock proteins such as HSP-60, HSP-70 and HSP-90

This was performed with brain photographs before the application and at intervals after the application for both control and treated animals