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Brains were homogenized using lysis buffer for whole protein and mitochondrial protein extraction as previously described (Nguyen et al., Novex 4%12% Bis-Tris gels (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA), then transferred to PVDF membranes (Rockford, IL, USA), which were blocked with non-fat milk and incubated with primary antibodies (OXPHOS complexes

It distinguishes the product as a combination formulation rather than a single agent, relevant for researchers comparing single-compound vs multi-compound experimental approaches

There is no strong evidence that vitamin B12 supplementation causes insomnia or sleep disturbances in most individuals, and it is not listed as a common adverse effect in UK product information

The preservative that makes bacteriostatic water 'bacteriostatic'

For quantitative variables, descriptive statistics such as sample size (N), mean, standard deviation, median, minimum, and maximum values were calculated