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However, due to differences in intestinal and visceral metabolism, the bioavailability of cysteine after oral administration of NAC is very high, which makes NAC a better supplement than cysteine for consumption as a GSH precursor [126, 130, 131]

Hydrophobic residues (such as Leu and Ala) cover the surface of the active cavity, which reduces the hydrophobic complementarity between the enzyme and the substrate, and further inhibits the catalytic efficiency (Hu et al., 2022b)

Vitamin C 1

Multiple studies have shown that NAC supplementation (600-8,000 mg/day) can increase CD4+ T-cell counts, reduce viral load markers, and improve survival in HIV-positive individuals (Herzenberg et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1997) [38]

Statistical analysis Data are expressed as mean standard deviation, unless indicated otherwise