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Exploring changes in the human gut microbiota and microbial-derived metabolites in response to diets enriched in simple, refined, or unrefined carbohydrate-containing foods: a post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial

p38 and JNK are associated with pro-inflammatory response and their activation leads to the transcription of proinflammatory cytokine genes like IL-1 , TNF- , and IL-6 , matrix metalloproteinase-9 ( MMP-9 ), and adhesion molecules, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 , which promote endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and thrombosis [122128]

HZD, HW, DW, YTG and JBT performed experiments

Gastens V, Tancredi S, Kiszio B, et al

J Neurochem 137:714729 Faul M, Xu L, Wald MM, Coronado VG, Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations and deaths 20022006