Endothelial injury generated directly by intracellular viral replication and by ACE2 downregulation, exposing cells to angiotensin II in the absence of the modulator effects of angiotensin 17 (Vinciguerra et al., 2020), and vascular chronic inflammation promoting the development of tissue macrophages overloaded by cholesterol (foam cells), both increase the possibility of acquiring a severe COVID-19 infection (Vinciguerra et al., 2020
Furthermore, preclinical findings suggest retinal melatonin production and receptor expression may also be reduced with aging, and administering melatonin may help reverse retinal degeneration (Parravano 2022
Jakovljevic A, Nikolic N, Jacimovic J, Pavlovic O, Milicic B, Beljic-Ivanovic K, Miletic M, Andric M, Milasin J (2020) Prevalence of apical periodontitis and conventional nonsurgical root canal treatment in general adult population: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies published between 2012 and 2020
Free Radic Res 41:12011211 Ursini F, Maiorino M, Brigelius-Flohe R, Aumann KD, Roveri A, Schomburg D, Flohe L (1995) Diversity of glutathione peroxidases
F On the left side, the expression of various migration-related protein, E-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail-1, Snail-2, N-cadherin, was examined by WB after treatment with Tim-AIII for 48 h in H1299 and A549 cells