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10.3390/ijerph191610429 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 260.Kundu S, Hossain KS, Moni A, Zahan MS, Rahman MM, Uddin MJ

ROS, like H 2 O 2 and superoxide, act as activators or inhibitors of NF-B, while NF-B has pro- or antioxidant effects depending on oxidative stress levels

Oxidative stress impairs SIRT3 activity and transcription by regulating protein carbonylation and transcriptional function of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- coactivator-1, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway via optic atrophy 1 to induce cell death of vitiligo melanocytes [32]

Catalase (CAT), primarily located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and peroxisomes, decomposes H 2 O 2 , while glutathione peroxidase (GPX) reduces H 2 O 2 and organic peroxides using reduced glutathione (GSH), generating water and corresponding alcohols and oxidizing GSH to glutathione oxidized (GSSG) [18, 19]

Certain repopulated primary hepatocytes in the proximity of bile ducts reconstructed by liver ductal organoids expressed MRP2, one of the bile acid transporters, and ZO-1 in membranous area