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Once the immune system recognizes the exposed germ cell antigens as foreign, it may mount a systemic immune response that could affect other organs, including the penis, thereby contributing to erectile dysfunction ( In summary, the destruction of the blood-testis barrier due to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress not only facilitates the exposure of germ cell antigens to the immune system but also initiates a cascade of autoimmune responses that can significantly impair male reproductive function

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome triggered by blood-borne pathogens induces prolonged dendritic cell paralysis and immunosuppression

Dysregulated cellular redox status during hyperammonemia causes mitochondrial dysfunction and senescence by inhibiting sirtuin-mediated deacetylation

10.1016/j.cmet.2021.11.010 98 PavlovaN

Osellame, T.S