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CD38 autoimmunity: recent advances and relevance to human diabetes

Reported effects are mild and transient: Localized irritation or redness at injection site, Mild fatigue or transient headache during initial days, Rare gastrointestinal upset (nausea, stomach discomfort)

While these improvements are promising, continued monitoring and further symptom management are necessary to address the residual neurological and musculoskeletal complaints

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1602976 Received 30 March 2025 Revised 13 November 2025 Accepted 14 November 2025 Published 19 December 2025 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Bernd Rosenkranz, Fundisa African Academy of Medicines Development, South Africa Reviewed by Kacper Nijakowski, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland Miriam Njoki Karinja, Science for Africa Foundation, Kenya Updates Copyright 2025 Mazur, Ndokaj, Salerno, Vallone, Ardan, Bietolini, Carrouel, Wilk, Sarig, Ottolenghi and Bourgeois

Animal studies using euglycemic clamp techniques, the gold standard for insulin sensitivity assessment, confirmed that chronic AOD-9604 treatment produced no adverse effects on insulin sensitivity