Elegant 13 C-NMR analysis ( in vivo injection of labeled glucose, or in some cases acetate, and determination of labeled metabolites) has shown that the glutamine flux in the cycle, V gln in the 13 C-NMR studies, is slightly greater than the flux, V cyc in the 13 C-NMR studies, of released transmitter glutamate and GABA in the opposite direction (Rothman et al., V cyc (Patel et al., V cyc than V gln may mainly be that some GABA is re-accumulated in GABAergic neurons (Schousboe, this Research Topic), where it can be oxidized (Yu, 1984)
Chronic deficiency can lead to neuromuscular disorders such as equine motor neuron disease or vitamin Edeficient myopathy
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The dual role of NRF2, as a protector in normal cells and a survival driver in cancer, underscores the need for context-specific modulation, balancing antioxidant support with targeted inhibition to optimize therapeutic outcomes
Ascorbate (5 mM) and dithiothreitol (10 mM) were added for ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) assay, respectively