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Mitochondrial membrane potential decreases after damage, making PTEN-induced Kinase1 (PINK1) accumulate and phosphorylate ubiquitin at Ser 65 in the outer mitochondrial membrane, which then recruits and binds Parkin proteins, thereby activating E3 ligase, resulting in more ubiquitination of outer mitochondrial membrane proteins, further driving the binding of ligands such as the autophagy adaptor protein Sequestosome 1 (PSQSTM1/P62), and finally making the autophagosome fuse with the damaged mitochondria to complete the mitochondrial autophagy process ( Studies have shown that mitophagy can lead to cisplatin resistance during tumor chemotherapy, thereby reducing antineoplastic efficacy

The medial prefrontal cortex is involved in emotion regulation, memory-guided decision-making, and higher-order behavioral control (70, 71)

These tests typically include a serum immunoglobulin test and a vaccine challenge test

However, as a pleiotropic regulator of systemic physiology, it exerts its influence in various metabolic tissues by complex signaling pathways

The highest NOAEL values and all reliable LOAEL values in each duration category for immunological and lymphoreticular effects from exposures by the oral route are presented in Table 3-1 and plotted in Figure 3-1