The aqueous extract of Astragalus membranaceus can significantly improve the cognitive function of hypoxic rats, with potential mechanisms related to the alleviation of oxidative stress, reduction of free radicals and metabolite accumulation, and activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway ( in vivo experiment using cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury as a model reported that AS-IV isolated from Astragalus membranaceus can prevent brain edema and BBB breakdown, through the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and aquaporin 4 (AQP4), mediated via the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway ( Astragalus membranaceus on brain injuries associated with high-altitude hypoxia, and suggest its potential value as a neuroprotective agent
Zhang et al., 2025
While effective, hydroquinone and tretinoin can have some side effects, particularly during the initial stages of treatment: Irritation: Redness, peeling, and dryness are common
Leuk Lymphoma 55(8):1925-9, 2014
J Physiol Pharmacol 69(3) Lovric-Bencic M, Sikiric P, Hanzevacki JS, Seiwerth S, Rogic D, Kusec V et al (2004) Doxorubicine-congestive heart failure-increased big endothelin-1 plasma concentration: reversal by amlodipine, losartan, and gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in rat and mouse