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These quinolines are characterized by a weak basic moiety and a lipophilic chain in the quinoline structure, and the leishmanicidal response has shown a consistent correlation with depolarization of mitochondrial potential, promoting a series of biological and biochemical consequences into the parasite, including an increase of ROS production, alteration of parasite morphology and parasite death via apoptosis (Figure 6)

ROS comprises both free and non-free radicals derived from oxygen atoms, including superoxide anion (O 2 - ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radicals (OH ), and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) [4]

To clearly illustrate the experimental basis for these findings, Table 1 summarizes key studies supporting the core pathways, including the experimental models used, the CKD stage or modeling approach, and the significant findings