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Common indications include: Pernicious anaemia an autoimmune condition where the stomach cannot produce intrinsic factor, a protein necessary for B12 absorption [8] [9] Malabsorption disorders including Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or following gastric surgery Strict vegan or vegetarian diets with confirmed deficiency though high-dose oral B12 may be sufficient if no malabsorption exists Certain medications such as metformin or proton pump inhibitors that may interfere with B12 absorption [9] [10] Neurological symptoms including peripheral neuropathy, memory problems, or balance difficulties related to deficiency Diagnosis should be confirmed through blood tests measuring serum B12 levels, full blood count, folate, and often anti-intrinsic factor antibodies

4.2 Detailed expandable studies Study 1: Heffernan 2001, foundational mechanism Citation: Heffernan M., Summers R.J., Thorburn A., et al

its a fat-soluble hormone

Helps prevent and treat Vitamin B12 deficiencies

NAD+ (SIRT1-SIRT3)