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(1) The peptide is posited to modulate a coordinated network of matrix degradation and synthesis, possibly by concurrently upregulating collagen, glycosaminoglycans, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)

[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Liu Q., Zhao B

Research has demonstrated that mitophagy is activated, as evidenced by increased Parkin translocation to mitochondria, ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins, sequestration of impaired mitochondria into autophagosomes, and degradation of mitochondrial proteins in primary mouse liver hepatocytes (Williams et al., 2015b

Obesity-induced TNF and IL-6 signaling: The missing link between obesity and inflammationDriven liver and colorectal cancers

In late-stage CKD, ferroptosis and necroptosis form a positive feedback loop: ferroptosis-derived DAMPs (e.g., HMGB1) activate RIPK3MLKL signaling, while necroptosis releases labile iron, further fueling ferroptosis