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The interaction between cells and hydrogels is a complex and dynamic process that plays a crucial role in tissue physiology, including cell proliferation 32 and migration, 33 as well as in pathological processes such as cell apoptosis

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During this process, one of the important molecules, HSP70, can bind to Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4), a type of receptor located on the cell membrane surface, to trigger an inflammatory response and stimulate the body to secrete and synthesize pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF- and IL-6, ultimately activating the NF-B pathway and further amplifying the inflammatory response [79]

Serum samples were used for creatinine assessments (Rat Creatinine Kit #80340, Crystal Chem, IL)

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