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R 1 and R 2 may be the same or different, and comprise at least one group selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 6 alkyl, optionally the C 1 -C 6 alkyl may include one or more of oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atoms or groups that include at least one of these atoms, and the alkyl chain may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, amino, amido, sulfonyl, sulfonate, carbonyl, carboxyl, and carboxylate

These findings emphasize the necessity of co-culture models in studying complex cellular interactions and disease progression, enhancing the translational value of in vitro lung-on-chip models for inhalation toxicology research (Fig

Additionally, our previous work demonstrated that TBK1 can also regulate LC3 orthologs to control autophagic flux 18

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Nat Metab 8 , 371388 (2026)