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10.1189/jlb.0209115 J Leukoc Biol

They respond less strongly to TLR4 stimulation than individuals with the CC genotype

In fact, they are known to help reduce weight in those suffering from obesity

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FIGURE 1 3 Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of PYC The immunomodulatory effects of PYC have been demonstrated extensively ( in vitro study, Moreover, the toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated immunomodulatory effects of PYC have been investigated ( In an in vitro study on microglial cells, PYC dose-dependently decreased the release of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, ICAM-1, and perilipin 2, thereby exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity ( Ex vivo analysis of plasma from volunteers following PYC administration revealed moderate inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity, indicating potential anti-inflammatory and platelet-inhibitory effects ( PYC modulated cytokine secretion by decreasing in T-helper (Th)1 cytokine levels and increasing Th2 cytokine levels and partially recovered T- and B-cell dysfunction in a mouse model ( In a murine model, PYC demonstrated neuroprotective effects following traumatic brain injury, characterized by a reduction in the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF- ( Collectively, these reports reveal the potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of PYC (Figure 1), warranting further clinical trials to evaluate its therapeutic efficacy against various infections, including viral infections that induce host inflammation and immune dysregulation