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10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117581 181 MakvandiP.AliG

There are three extra cysteine residues in the Trx1 structure, reported to be easily oxidized and implicated in the formation of molecular aggregates or oligomers and inactivation of the enzyme

Cells were resuspended in a Low Salt Lysis Buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM PMSF, and 3 mM 2-mercaptoethanol), lysed by sonication, and the soluble fraction isolated by centrifugation and incubated with low-density nickel agarose beads (GoldBio)

Out of the three options, Thesis has an edge here because it uses some shorter lists of ingredients in doses that are sometimes lower than what human studies confirm to be effective

It has been reported that MOTS-c improves age-related insulin resistance in male mice by increasing glucose intake in soleus muscles (20)