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Outside mitochondria, several enzymes have also been identified as major sources of ROS, including the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX), xanthine oxidase, cycloxygenases, CYP450, and lipoxygenases [40]

Quercetin, inflammation and immunity

The Glutathione Response A robust Glutathione antioxidant response is needed to buffer rising ROS and prevent cellular damage

DCA: Dichloroacetate

As discussed in the above sections, conventional antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, gallic acid and reduced glutathione, only serve as reactants rather than catalysts as the constructed ZMTP nanosheets function in this work, therefore they can only scavenge ROS stoichiometrically rather than catalytically