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This modification inhibits the expression of epidermal growth factor and mitigates mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in ECs, thereby slowing the progression of atherosclerosis [159]

Increased oxidative damage and mitochondrial malfunction, decreased ATP generation, increased protein breakdown, and decreased protein synthesis are all potential outcomes of an overactive redox signaling system in muscle fibers [211, 212]

Ko, T.W

Upon entering the cell, glutamine engages in multiple reactions within the mitochondria, which are intricately tied to mitochondrial function and play a pivotal role in various cellular activities

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