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These dysregulations lead to the impaired activation of the small GTPase RAP1, which is critical for cytoskeletal dynamics

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Peptides derived from Laminaria japonica promote apoptosis by increasing cleaved caspase-9 and caspase-3 levels and activating PARP, potentially through upstream apoptotic signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) phosphorylation and subsequent p38 MAPK activation (107)