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A double-blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrated that NAC (2 g/day) ameliorated negative symptoms, but not positive symptoms in patients with chronic schizophrenia.118 Another double-blind, placebo-controlled study revealed that NAC improved mismatch negativity, which is associated with NMDA receptor function, in patients with schizophrenia.119 Several studies have consistently reported that ginkgo biloba augmented with haloperidol improves negative symptoms and increases SOD level in patients who experience chronic hospitalizations and treatment resistance due to schizophrenia.120121122 A meta-analysis revealed that ginkgo as an add-on treatment to antipsychotics significantly improved total and negative symptoms in patients with chronic schizophrenia.123 Several studies have reported that schizophrenia is associated with low serum vitamin C levels.124125126 A previous double-blind, placebo-controlled study showed that a vitamin C (500 mg/day) supplement with atypical antipsychotics (olanzapine 10 mg/day, quetiapine 200 mg/day, or ziprasidone 40 mg/day) significantly decreased serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level and psychopathology compared to a placebo add-on group.127 Antipsychotics have been thought to have anti-inflammatory properties

and 3 (50%), 3 (50%), and 1 (17%), respectively, in the mild renal impairment, moderate renal impairment, and severe renal impairment groups

PubMed , European Journal of Pharmacology , vol

These live microorganisms can reinforce the gut microbiome during antibiotic treatment

Ordaz SJ, Foran W, Velanova K, Luna B