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* Correspondence: Sylvie Binda, [email protected] Disclaimer All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers

DNA-damaging agents, such as topoisomerase I inhibitors and DNA alkylators, induce replication stress, chromatin destabilization, and double-strand breaks, culminating in the activation of DNA damage checkpoints, G2/M arrest, and apoptotic cell death [24, 123]

Whereas Vitamin C enhances collagen synthesis and boosts glutathione levels, Vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidative damage

Oxidative damage extends beyond the acute phase, disrupting the BBB, impairing vascular integrity, and activating inflammatory cascades that perpetuate secondary injury

cited 2008 Apr