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The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 43 , 366376

Giacco, F

Berberine directly affects the gut microbiota to promote intestinal farnesoid X receptor activation

This process is vital for the proper functioning of muscles, but also the heart

however, others have reported that action potential alterations induced by LCACs persist with metabolic blockade ( Na + -Handling Na + -handling is the primary determinant of cardiomyocyte excitability ( + channels, which determines the action potential V max and APA and initiates downstream Ca 2+ -handling for contraction ( + /Ca 2+ exchanger (NCX1) contributes to cytosolic Ca 2+ clearance in diastole, while the ubiquitous Na + /K + -ATPase (NKA) energetically maintains the stable cardiac RMP ( + -handling, centring around an increase in intracellular Na + concentration ( Inward Na + current and Na + /Ca 2+ exchange LCAC superfusion of rodent myocytes induces a dose-dependent inhibition of the early inward Na + current (I Na ), accounting for LCAC-mediated reductions in action potential V max and APA ( + current (I Na(L ) ) that exhibits a markedly prolonged channel inactivation period and drives an increase in intracellular Na + concentration ( Na(L) has been found to occur spontaneously within 2 min of LCAC exposure and to activate a secondary transient inward current (I ti ) ( 2+ chelator) or extracellular NiCl 2 (NCX1 inhibitor) application revealed that this I ti is dependent on intracellular Ca 2+ and sarcolemma Na + /Ca 2+ -exchange